Determination of Cadmium and Copper in Fish Samples from Sir And Menzelet Dam Lake Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

The cadmium and copper levels were determined in the total of 126 fish samples which belongs to five fish species collected from Sır and Menzelet Dam Lakes in Kahramanmaraş Province by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentrations of heavy metals were expressed as ppm wet weight of tissue. The mean levels of cadmium and copper in muscle, liver and gill tissues of Cyprinus carpiofrom the Menzelet Dam were found as 0.27, 0.91, 1.49 and 0.94, 1.2, 1.05, respectively. The mean levels of Cd in the muscle tissues of Leuciscus cephalusfrom the Menzelet Dam were found 0.32 ppm, Cd wasn't found in tissues of liver and gill. The mean levels of Cu in the muscle, liver and gill tissues were found as 3.17 ppm, 1.19 ppm, 0.96 ppm, respectively. The mean levels of the Cd and Cu in muscle and gill tissues of Acanthobrama marmid from the Sır Dam were found as 1.28, 2.64 and 0.72, 0.08, respectively. The levels of the Cd and Cu in muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpiofrom the Sır Dam were found 0.87 and 0.02 ppm, respectively. The mean levels of the Cd and Cu in the muscle and gill tissues of Chondrostoma regium from the Sır Dam were found to be 0.80, 2.62 and 0.67, 1.34 ppm, respectively. The mean levels of the Cd in the muscle tissues of the Silurus glanis was found as 0.60 ppm. In the muscle of the Silurus glanis from the Sır Dam, Cu was not found. The Sır Dam is more polluted than the Menzelet Dam from the point of Cd but less polluted than the Menzelet Dam From the point of Cu. A relationship was determined between species and their habitating region in terms of the levels reflected metal residues. In this study it was emphasized that the amounts of Cd and Cu in the samples were low, however, seas, lakes, rivers, soil, air and consumed foods etc. has to be controlled routinely.     

给水厂废弃铁铝泥对镉的吸附特征及影响因素

通过批量实验探讨了给水厂废弃铁铝泥(Ferric and Alum Water Treatment Residuals,FARs)对Cd2+的吸附特征及影响因素.实验结果表明,在最初的6 h内,FARs对Cd2+的吸附量已经达到其平衡吸附量的90%,吸附较符合伪二级动力学模型(R2=0.99),并且Langmuir(R2=0.99)和Freundlich(R2=0.90)方程均能较好地描述FARs对Cd2+的等温吸附过程,其Cd2+的饱和吸附量达35.39 mg·g-1.初始溶液p H由3.0增加到8.0时,FARs对Cd2+的吸附量缓慢增加,当p H升为9.0时,其对Cd2+去除率可达97%.FARs对Cd2+的吸附量随溶液体系离子强度的增加而减小.随着柠檬酸浓度的升高,FARs对Cd2+的吸附量显著降低,而水杨酸和酒石酸则微弱促进了对Cd2+的吸附.解吸实验证明,在p H为3.0时Cd2+的解吸率最高,但仅为11%左右.分级提取结果进一步表明,被吸附的Cd2+主要以酸溶态和残渣态存在.综合实验结果表明,FARs可以作为一种高效的吸附剂用于水体除镉.     

两性修饰蒙脱石对水中镉和四环素的吸附性能研究

以两性表面活性剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)为改性剂制备两性修饰蒙脱石(BS-Mt),在单一体系和Cd~(2+)+TC复合体系中研究其对Cd~(2+)和四环素的吸附行为,同时利用XRD、FTIR、TG-DSC和Zeta电位对两性修饰蒙脱石进行表征分析.表征结果显示,BS-12已成功负载到蒙脱石上,改性后材料表面的负电荷增加;吸附实验结果显示,BS-Mt对Cd~(2+)和四环素的吸附量较Mt有较大的提高;其中BS-Mt对Cd~(2+)的吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和准一级动力学模型,吸附机理主要为电荷吸附和螯合作用;BS-Mt对四环素的吸附随p H的升高而降低,吸附行为符合Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型,吸附机理主要为电荷吸附和物理吸附.在Cd~(2+)+TC复合体系中Cd~(2+)和TC会形成复合物,Mt和BS-Mt对四环素和Cd~(2+)的吸附量比单一体系增加.     

二噁英催化降解技术在废物焚烧领域的应用

焚烧是常用的废物处置方法,中国每年需要处量理的废物随社会发展和经济增长不断增加,由此产生的二噁英排放问题已引起社会广泛的关注。选择性催化氧化(SCO)技术可降解烟气中二噁英,在国外已有广泛工业应用,是最佳可行技术的重要组成部分,是我国斯德哥尔摩公约履约过程中的关键技术。为落实我国斯德哥尔摩公约履约责任,减少废物焚烧过程中二噁英类污染物的排放,促进行业全面推广应用以选择性催化氧化为代表的最佳可行技术,文章主要从SCO技术的发展、原理和影响因素出发选择合适的催化剂,结合国内工程案例验证分析了SCO技术对二噁英的去除效果,讨论了SCO技术应用的现状和前景,进一步说明在国内的废物焚烧领域推广和普及SCO技术的紧迫性和可行性。     

单宁酸与柠檬酸复合淋洗去除土壤中重金属Cd的研究

采用土柱淋洗技术对模拟Cd污染土进行修复研究,探讨了单宁酸、柠檬酸在不同浓度、淋洗时间、复配体积比下对重金属进行单一、复合淋洗的去除效果,并比较复合淋洗前后重金属的形态变化特征。实验结果表明,单宁酸和柠檬酸对重金属具有较好的去除效果。单一作用时,随着时间的增加,两种淋洗剂对重金属的去除率逐步提高,均在12 h时达到最好效果,重金属去除率分别为59.08%、71.25%。实验同时证明,两种淋洗剂进行复合淋洗对重金属Cd的去除率明显高于单一淋洗,当单宁酸浓度为10.0 mmol/L,柠檬酸浓度为0.6 mol/L,淋洗剂体积配比为1∶3,淋洗时间为12 h时,复合淋洗效果最好,重金属去除率达到97.47%。土柱淋洗前后重金属形态分级结果表明:单宁酸、柠檬酸复合淋洗能有效去除酸可提取态、氧化物结合态的重金属Cd。     

西伯利亚鸢尾人工湿地对镉污染河水的净化研究

西伯利亚鸢尾是一种四季常绿的湿地植物,近年来常被应用于人工湿地工程中。以复合填料为净化基质,以西伯利亚鸢尾为湿地植物的垂直流人工湿地,用于处理模拟重金属镉(Cd)污染河水。研究植物的生长状况、Cd的去除效率、植物对Cd的富集量,以及Cd的去除分布,评估西伯利亚鸢尾垂直流人工湿地对Cd的净化效果。结果表明,当进水ρ(Cd)分别为1,3,6 mg/L时,人工湿地系统对镉的平均去除效率分别为93.3%、90.2%、92.1%;实验结束时,西伯利亚鸢尾地上部分Cd的富集量分别为0.28,0.61,1.41 mg/株,而地下部分Cd的富集量分别达3.48,10.81,19.4 mg/株。西伯利亚鸢尾具有较强的吸收和富集重金属的能力,且主要在根部。     

一株抗镉真菌的分离鉴定及特性研究

从矿区中分离到一株抗镉较强的真菌,对其进行鉴定,并检测了菌株对多种重金属的耐受性,不同镉浓度对菌株生长的影响及对镉的吸附特性。经鉴定该菌株为淡紫拟青霉菌(Paecilomyces lilacinus),命名为LLC4。菌株对Cd~(2+)的耐受浓度达268 mmol/L,对其他几种重金属的耐受性大小为:Zn~(2+)>Cu~(2+)>Mn~(2+)>Co~(2+);低浓度的Cd~(2+)对菌株的生长有促进作用,高浓度Cd~(2+)会抑制其生长;该菌株在不同Cd~(2+)浓度中对Cd~(2+)的吸附能力不同,当初始Cd~(2+)浓度为5 mmol/L时,最大的吸附率为100%,20 mmol/L时最大吸附量为12.19 mg/g。     

镉污染土壤施硒对植物生长及根际镉化学行为的影响

采用根箱培养的方式,研究了在不同镉污染水平(0.5 mg·kg-1、5 mg·kg-1土壤)的酸性黄棕壤中施用外源硒对小白菜生长、光合特性及根际土壤中镉的化学行为影响.结果表明:镉污染土壤中施硒可显著增加小白菜的生物量,增强小白菜叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率;镉污染严重时,施硒还可提高小白菜的气孔导度;施用适量硒(0.25 mg·kg-1)可显著降低小白菜地上部镉含量,其中镉污染浓度较低(0.5 mg·kg-1)时,该效果达显著水平.在镉污染程度低(0.5 mg·kg-1)的土壤施用适量硒(0.25 mg·kg-1),可显著降低土壤交换态镉含量,其中,根际和非根际土壤交换态Cd含量分别降低了22.20%和43.79%.外源Se有效地降低了土壤Cd的生物有效性,这种作用在Se的施用浓度较低时表现更加明显;当Cd污染浓度较高时,土壤Cd形态分布相对稳定,外源Se对根际和非根际土壤Cd形态分布的影响不显著.研究结果为深入揭示Se对菜地Cd污染的调控机理提供理论参考.     

300M钢刷镀镉性能及在某型飞机起落架修理中的应用

目的研究刷镀镉工艺在300M钢起落架的工程应用和镀层性能。方法采用两种不同的刷镀镉溶液在300M钢表面实现外观质量良好的电刷镀镉层,利用扫描电镜、盐雾箱及力学拉伸机等对镀层显微组织、厚度、结合力、耐腐蚀性能和氢脆性能进行测试,并对起落架零件电刷镀修复进行工艺应用研究。结果选用的两种镀液均可在300M表面获得质量稳定,厚度、结合力符合技术要求的电刷镀镉层。该镀层中性盐雾性能超过500 h,氢脆性能合格。结论刷镀镉工艺可成功应用于某型机起落架零件电镀镉钛镀层的修复。     

Endogenous nitric oxide mediates alleviation of cadmium toxicity induced by calcium in rice seedlings

The effect of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on rice seedling growth under cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) stress, as well as the possible role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in this process, was studied. The growth of rice seedlings was seriously inhibited by CdCl₂, and the inhibition was significantly mitigated by CaCl₂. However, hemoglobin (Hb) and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolinel- oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) weakened the promotion effect of CaCl₂. The results of NO fluorescence localization suggest that growth accelerated by CaCl₂ might be associated with elevated NO levels. The content of Cd, protein thiols (PBT), and nonprotein thiols (NPT) in cell walls, cell organelles, and soluble fractions, respectively, of rice seedlings decreased considerably in the presence of CaCl₂, whereas the content of pectin, hemicellulose 1 (HC1), and hemicellulose 2 (HC2) increased significantly. Elimination of endogenous NO in Cd+Ca treatment could promote the transportation of Cd²⁺ to cell organelles and soluble fractions and increase the content of NPT and PBT in leaves. In addition, transportation of Cd²⁺ to cell organelles and soluble fractions was retarded in roots, the content of NPT increased, and the content of PBT decreased. With elimination of endogenous NO in Cd+Ca treatment, the content of pectin, HC1, and HC2 decreased significantly. Thus, Ca may alleviate Cd toxicity via endogenous NO with variation in the levels of NPT, PBT, and matrix polysaccharides.